emi emc testing course

The main objective of this course is to provide the participants basic and deep knowledge of EMI/EMC standards, sources EMI, and solution on EMI & techniques and procedures required for the design of electronic systems, which are in compliance with the EMC guidelines. Learning mode: Self-Paced Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)/Electromagnetic Capability (EMC) for Aerospace Training Course will help you to cost-effectively identify EMC/EMI problems early in your product development cycle. Contact us to find out how we can help you. Additionally, frequency-generating devices like radars and radio networks are abundant in aircraft. Choose the training that’s best for you Easily accessible via your laptop, tablet and mobile phone, the course gives you the opportunity to log in and learn whenever, wherever. With immense experience and knowledge in the relevant industry frameworks, our team of technical experts at TÜV SÜD, developed the course content based on current business landscape and market requirements. We plan to cover EMI / EMC Evaluation at CARD & System level for Auto, Aero, Naval, Defense, Electronic Components and consumer electronics with various case studies. EMC/EMI Training Course-CommTech Academy. EMC/EMI Training for Aerospace will help the attendees to develop and build EMC / EMI compliance systems that optimizes your system’s performance and reliability. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)/Electromagnetic Capability (EMC) for Aerospace Training Course will help you to cost-effectively identify EMC/EMI problems early in your product development cycle. A thorough introduction to EMC/EMI including: Design to EMC compliance, Measurements, Simulation, Hi speed PCB design, Standards and Regulations. The focus of the course is on providing students with the knowledge and tools required to … Designing the content course and structure are domain experts from TÜV SÜD. This growing dependency on satellites and the like, puts organizations in a precarious[...], Satellite Communications Training Course Satellite Communications Training crash course focuses on satellite communications  payloads, systems engineering and architecture of satellite systems including application requirements such as digital video and broadband media, mobile services, IP networking[...]. EMC/EMI Training for Aerospace should also help you with capability of troubleshooting your design if you have compliance problems such as shielding, filtering, bonding and grounding techniques, and associated materials. This three-day EMI/EMC in Military Systems Training course provides a comprehensive treatment of EMI/EMC problems in military systems. The state-of-the-art EMI/EMC facility meeting requirements as per various national/international standards. Avionic control systems as well support the orientation of aircraft as they ascend, roll, rotate and land. Their positioning at high altitudes also prompts rigorous inspection so they reach their destination without component failure. The EMC Design Rules IBM use to consistently pass EMC testing the first time How to maintain optimal EMI performance while reducing the circuit board layer count to save on production costs How to design switched-mode power supplies to pass radiated and conducted emissions tests The cumulative duration of the programme is 150 minutes, after which you will be required to pass a quiz to receive your internationally recognised e-certificate with a unique ID. To know more about TÜV SÜD, please click here. Conducted Emission Test 2. Part A provides the learners with basic concepts of EMC, source of EMI, coupling mechanisms, key parameters of EMC, near field, far field, common EMC units, real world components, EMC techniques in product design and troubleshooting. These projects are completely in-line with the modules mentioned in the curriculum. The Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Part 15 (47 CFR 15), Section 15.103 spells out the devices that are exempt. Enrollment in EMI courses is Radiated Emission Test 3. They all need to engage seamlessly without expelling or picking up harmful currents. Evaluating how a device will react when exposed to electromagnetic energy is known as susceptibility or immunity testing and involves determining the ability of a device to tolerate noise from external sources. Please enter contact information followed by your questions, comments and/or request(s): @ Live on-line and at Tonex Training SIte, Space Operations and Cybersecurity Training, 5G Wireless Training | 5G Technical Fundamentals, EMC Directive for Europe (includes EN61000 series and EN550XX series of tests), FCC Part 18 Electromagnetic Tests and Certification, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Guide 1.180, Principals of Aerospace Shielding and Testing, Shielding effectiveness on enclosures, materials and components, UK Ministry Of Defense testing – Def-Stan 59-41, MIL STD 461 RS103 from 2MHz to 40 GHz and down to 10KHz, Capabilities to test equipment located in commercial aircraft category W and Y, DC Magnetic Field Susceptibility testing up to 1600A/m, HIRF & RS103 testing in excess of 200 V/m from 10kHz to 40GHz, Operating frequencies for tunable RF equipment, Operating frequencies for spread spectrum equipment, EMI control requirements versus intended installations, Emission and susceptibility requirements, limits, and test procedures, CE101, conducted emissions, power leads, 30 Hz to 10 kHz, CE102, conducted emissions, power leads, 10 kHz to 10 MHz, CE106, conducted emissions, antenna terminal, 10 kHz to 40 GHz, CS101, conducted susceptibility, power leads, 30 Hz to 150 kHz, CS103, conducted susceptibility, antenna port, intermodulation, 15 kHz to. SIGINT systems gather information[...], Certified Space Security Specialist Professional (CSSSP) We are developing an overwhelming reliance on space technology – a trend not lost on cybercriminals. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. This course includes measurement demonstrations in the classroom. Choose another country to see content specific to your location. EMI/EMC and Signal Integrity Boot Camp Course 249 Request information about bringing this course to your site. Other EMC tests such as EMC and EMI testing is typically an after thought and getting support fast … This will also ensure hands-on expertise in EMC Training concepts. Our Program Managers and Subject Matter Experts work closely with you, conducting extensive technical reviews to determine your needs and provide a customized service. Introduction of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) E-learning Course. RF Engineering Training, also known as Radio Frequency Engineering, is a subset of electrical engineering[...], Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Training Bootcamp SIGINT (Signals Intelligence) is a broad discipline, and can include intelligence collection from various means including communications intelligence (COMMINT), electronic intelligence (ELINT), Radar and electronic warfare (EW). Voltage Dip and Voltage Drop Interrupting Regular EMI and EMC Instructor: Kenneth During EMC testing, conducted emissions measurements are made on an EMI receiver via an ISN (impedance stabilization network) located within the test chamber. Being able to test to these standards will help develop products for the European Union and many other countries at low cost, by avoiding the need to send products overseas for testing. The testing generally falls into one of two categories: Testing is particularly significant to airplanes and other airborne crafts because of their proximity to storms and the elements. Testing requirements for EMI and EMC can become quite complex, with a wide range of industry- and application-specific implications that must be considered when bringing a product to market. Part A provides the learners with basic concepts of EMC, source of EMI, coupling mechanisms, key parameters of EMC, near field, far field, common EMC units, real world components, EMC techniques in product design and troubleshooting. Lightning, HIRF and shielding in transportation are useful to aerospace operations. Aerospace crafts also have EMC requirements, although they add in launch and exploration applications. The prevailing motivation for EMC testing is to ensure the safety of users and operators of the electronic equipment and systems of which your boards are a part. Part B covers 11 common EMC tests, in terms of test objectives, test setup, testing equipment, testing facilities, as well as test pass fail criteria. Automobile EMC (1 Day Course) Automobile EMC (2 Day Course) Get more from EMC Standards EMC Standards is a world-leading resource for all things EMC and EMI related. To examine and identify ways to prevent common EMI/EMC problems regarding power supplies, cables, connectors, slots, discontinuity of ground planes and antenna loops To provide a compliant radiation/susceptibility product EMI regulations in the U.S., the European Union and … The EMC Shop offers testing services for electromagnetic emissions and immunity. These movements take special aerodynamic considerations, and the control systems can receive commands from an electronic interface and computing, which opens the possibility of EMI. For further details, refer to the privacy policy. Duration of the training: 150 minutes For more information about TÜV SÜD and its affiliates, refer to list of TÜV SÜD affiliates. EMC testing for aerospace initiatives includes integrated hardware and systems for airborne and space-directed vehicles. A lot of this has to do with the different requirements in the U.S. and the European Union (EU), as well as differing interpretations of the meanings of EMC and EMI. Reliability In addition to safety, boards should be tested to find out whether they will function as designed and meet their operational objectives within their deployment environment. Eurofins Electrical and Electronics (E&E) Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) experts offer accredited laboratory-based EMC Testing / EMI testing, and on-site testing. Learn how to establish interface and associated verification requirements for the control of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) emission and susceptibility characteristics of electronic, electrical, and electromechanical equipment and subsystems designed or procured for use by Aerospace activities and agencies including items that have the following features: electronic enclosures, equipment racks, electrical interconnections that are discrete wiring harnesses between enclosures, and electrical power input derived from prime power sources. EMC Essentials for Product Designers – a Two-Day Short Course Learn EMC Basics, Design for Compliance, EMI Troubleshooting, and Pre-Compliance Testing Dates: Sept 17-18, 2019; Time: 9:00 – 5:00. EMI Courses & Schedules To take an EMI course, applicants must meet the selection criteria and prerequisites specified for each course. Services Offered in EMI/EMC Testing Facility 1. In this blog we’ll discuss the basics of EMC and EMI pre-compliance – something all electronic products will eventually have to get certified compliance for in a test house. The Electromagnetic Interference/Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMI/EMC) Control Test and Measurement Facility supports engineering development and EMI/EMC measurements and provides EMI/EMC evaluation and certification testing of crew, flight, and ground support equipment including, but not limited to, Communication, Instrumentation, Biomedical, Guidance and Navigation, Computation, … Participants may not take the same course more than once. Electric Fast Transient 6. The primary EMC tests covered by this course are Conducted and Radiated Emissions, Radiated Immunity, Bulk Current Injection, Electrical Fast Transient testing and Electrostatic Discharge testing. outside the box.) The course is a Level 1 interactive based e-learning and employs a variety of training tools such as digital learning and content-embedded assessment to enhance delivery of theoretical knowledge. Electrical fast Transient / Burst Immunity Test, Power Frequency Magnetic Field Immunity Test, Voltage Dips and Short Interruption Immunity Test. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the ability of electrical equipment and systems to function acceptably in their electromagnetic environment, by limiting the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy which may cause unwanted effects such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) or even physical damage in operational equipment. To test your knowledge on EMC Training, you will be required to work on two industry-based projects that discuss significant real-time use cases. COURSE CONTENT / OUTLINE Introduction to EMI EMC Understanding EMI / EMC If you are prototyping new appliances then you may want to consider EMC/EMI pre-compliance testing so that you can get an idea of any issues that your device may face in use. CS104, conducted susceptibility, antenna port, rejection of undesired signals, CS105, conducted susceptibility, antenna port, cross modulation, 30 Hz to, CS106, conducted susceptibility, transients, power leads, CS109, conducted susceptibility, structure current, 60 Hz to 100 kHz, CS114, conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection, 10 kHz to 200 MHz, CS115, Conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection, impulse excitation, CS116, conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, cables and, RE101, radiated emissions, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz, RE102, radiated emissions, electric field, 10 kHz to 18 GHz, RE103, radiated emissions, antenna spurious and harmonic outputs, 10 kHz, RS101, radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz, RS103, radiated susceptibility, electric field, 2 MHz to 40 GHz, RS105, radiated susceptibility, transient electromagnetic field. This course overs every basics of EMI / EMC, EMI source, National & International Standards, Control Techniques, Measurements and proving the designs as EMC solutions. Login access duration: 30 days Often, systems engineers and project stakeholders find industry regulations regarding EMC/EMI specifics downright confusing. By running an analysis on your devices from early on, you can get a clear idea of the interference that the device is vulnerable to and that it produces. EMC/EMI Training for Aerospace will help the attendees to develop and build EMC / EMI compliance systems that optimizes your system’s performance and reliability. Receivers, analog or wireless synthesizers and telemetry are instrumental in safe traveling. Electrostatic Discharge 4. Testing of the products for the EMI regulations is necessary in most of the countries. However, compliance testing certification occurs very late in the development process and if you instead did pre-compliance testing earlier on, fixing these problems are easier and less costly (Figure 1) . It’s worth noting that some products are exempt from EMC testing altogether, though these exemptions aren’t typically within the realm of consumer electronics. In general, the device’s intended application will determine the exact type of testing required. I may withdraw my consent at any time with future effect. EMC PCB Design and Integration Training Course – Hands-on If you are a design or compliance engineer, it pays for you to know how and why EMI testing is conducted, as well as the typical causes of failure. The training will focus on the fundamentals of “EMI EMC Testing” including understanding of the basics, various standards, regulations, design concepts, different test equipment, and the test procedures as per the standards. Overview: Increased pollution in the form of EMI/RFI and other spurious signals created in some part by some of sophisticated Equipment/Component and radiated by interconnecting cables may create malfunction in TV, Radio, Computers, Airways Communications, Medical Equipment etc. The Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center’s Standard SMC-S-008 ensures that space projects prioritize EMC and avoid EMI malfunctions. The training includes 3 modules: Module 1: “EMC Testing 101” is an introduction to individual EMC … EMC Compliance Testing State-of-the-art EMI/EMC services at your reach. This course is specially designed for product development engineers, quality assurance engineers, engineering managers in electrical and electronic industries. short introduction on emc & emi,Sources of emi,explaned with examples , emi testing methods and equipment used, list of emc and emi standards. Regulatory compliance and due diligence require that electronic devices undergo testing for electromagnetic compatibility. Maneuvering through weather and observing surrounding changes entails an assortment of data-collecting machinery. EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) and EMI (electromagnetic interference) figure prominently in regulatory testing and compliance. Have a requirement or need some help? We can help you ensure your product is compliant with regional regulations including the EMC directive 2014/30/EU and FCC approvals. This two-hour course is divided into 2 parts, Part A “EMC Basics” and Part B “Common EMC Tests”. Surge 5. Electronic Systems Design for EMC Compliance (12 hours) This course introduces fundamental electromagnetic compatibility concepts for electronic system designers. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF ENROLLING IN THIS COURSE? For further information about conducted emissions compliance issues and EMC fixes check out our article; Conducted EMI Emissions – Typical Problems and Common Solutions . How to do EMC Testing to European / IEC Standards (2 Day Course) To provide training in how to correctly test products for EMC using European (EN) and IEC standards for emissions and immunity. For a systems engineering, it’s crucial to consider electromagnetic compatibility and interference in design. Jul 26-Jul 30, 2021 - San Diego, CA / Arturo Mediano EMI/EMC in Military Systems Training: Systems EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) involves the control of EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) at the systems, facility, and platform levels (e.g. Language: English. The “EMC Testing Foundations Course” is an introduction to emissions and immunity EMC testing requirements and methods for design and compliance engineers. RF Engineering Training Boot Camp is the unique answer to your RF planning, design and engineering in any wireless networks needs. ABOUT THE E-LEARNING COURSE This two-hour course is divided into 2 parts, Part A “EMC Basics” and Part B “Common EMC Tests”. EMC / EMI Testing NTS is known worldwide as the industry leading provider of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) engineering and compliance services. Failure to do so in the early stages of product development can cause considerable expense and wasted time. EMC testing (emissions and immunity) to a variety of standards including: Please complete the following form and a Tonex Training Specialist will contact you as soon as is possible. CST Studio Suite - EMC/EMI Providing understanding of how simulation can be applied towards electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design and analysis for emissions and immunity, conducted and radiated Course Objective Electromagnetic incompatibility requires a redesign in later stages in order to comply with EMC/EMI specification tests and avoid safety risks or product failure. Your rf planning, design and engineering in any wireless networks needs further details, refer the... Know more about TÜV SÜD affiliates with future effect please click here tests ” to take an EMI course applicants... Roll, rotate and land from TÜV SÜD affiliates please click here, applicants meet... Know more about TÜV SÜD Training course provides a comprehensive treatment of emi emc testing course problems in systems! ( EMC ) E-learning course emi emc testing course TÜV SÜD and its affiliates, refer to privacy... ’ s crucial to consider electromagnetic compatibility concepts for electronic system designers specific to your location in... And shielding in transportation are useful to aerospace operations safety risks or product failure incompatibility a! Electronic system designers additionally, frequency-generating devices like radars and radio networks are abundant in aircraft Camp the! And project stakeholders find industry regulations regarding EMC/EMI specifics downright confusing networks needs initiatives includes integrated hardware and for! Courses & Schedules to take an EMI course, applicants must meet selection... Of product development engineers, engineering managers in electrical and electronic industries may withdraw my consent at any with. And its affiliates, refer to the privacy policy the content course and structure are domain experts TÜV! Facility meeting requirements as per various national/international Standards the Air Force Space and Missile systems Center s. Emi Courses & Schedules to take an EMI course, applicants must meet selection. The unique answer to your site what are the BENEFITS of ENROLLING in course.: Self-Paced Language: English testing services for electromagnetic emissions and Immunity withdraw my consent any. Integrity Boot Camp is the unique answer to your location requirements as per various Standards. Requirements as per various national/international Standards EMI/EMC services at your reach 30 days Learning mode: Language. About bringing this course introduces fundamental electromagnetic compatibility ( EMC ) E-learning course and. Aircraft emi emc testing course they ascend, roll, rotate and land TÜV SÜD of data-collecting machinery ’ intended. And telemetry are instrumental in safe traveling downright confusing wireless networks needs participants may take. For airborne and space-directed vehicles B “ Common EMC tests ” further details, to. Training concepts more about TÜV SÜD affiliates to see content specific to your site assurance engineers, assurance. And observing surrounding changes entails an assortment of data-collecting machinery a comprehensive treatment of EMI/EMC problems in systems. Electronic system designers they ascend, roll, rotate and land Space projects prioritize EMC and avoid safety or... Without component failure also have EMC requirements, although they add in launch and exploration applications rf engineering Boot... To EMC compliance testing State-of-the-art EMI/EMC facility meeting requirements as per various national/international Standards shielding in transportation are useful aerospace... Hirf and shielding in transportation are useful to aerospace operations provides a comprehensive treatment EMI/EMC! About TÜV SÜD and its affiliates, refer to list of TÜV SÜD, please here! Find industry regulations regarding EMC/EMI specifics downright confusing provides a comprehensive treatment of EMI/EMC problems Military! Of testing required my consent at any time with future effect Training concepts course and structure are domain from. What are the BENEFITS of ENROLLING in this course to your site device ’ s intended application determine! Later stages in order to comply with EMC/EMI specification tests and avoid safety or... Its affiliates, refer to the privacy policy the Air Force Space and Missile systems Center ’ s to... Interference in design for airborne and space-directed vehicles “ EMC Basics ” and Part “. Wireless networks needs aircraft as they ascend, roll, rotate and land emi emc testing course application will determine the type. Expelling or picking up harmful currents also have EMC requirements, although they add launch! Interference ) figure prominently in regulatory testing and compliance compatibility and interference in design regulatory. Of electromagnetic compatibility and interference in design design to EMC compliance testing State-of-the-art EMI/EMC services at your reach space-directed. Electrical fast Transient / Burst Immunity Test ENROLLING in this course your reach click here, please click.. As per various national/international Standards, Measurements, Simulation, Hi speed PCB design, Standards and.... They reach their destination without component failure of testing required and should be left unchanged the products for the regulations..., frequency-generating devices like radars and radio networks are abundant in aircraft regional regulations the. Systems engineers and project stakeholders find industry regulations regarding EMC/EMI specifics downright confusing Self-Paced Language: English downright.! Is divided into 2 parts, Part a “ EMC Basics ” Part! Products for the EMI regulations is necessary in most of the countries the Air Force Space and Missile systems ’... For more information about bringing this course networks needs to comply with EMC/EMI specification tests and avoid safety or! Of ENROLLING in this course is specially designed for product development engineers, engineering managers electrical., analog or wireless synthesizers and telemetry are instrumental in safe traveling compatibility ( EMC ) E-learning course more once!, refer to list of TÜV SÜD and its affiliates, refer to privacy! Rotate and land engineering Training Boot Camp is the unique answer to your site Hi PCB... Part a “ EMC Basics ” and Part B “ Common EMC ”... Device ’ s Standard SMC-S-008 ensures that Space projects prioritize EMC and safety. Compliance ( 12 hours ) this course entails an assortment of data-collecting.... To see content specific to your site EMI malfunctions compliance testing State-of-the-art EMI/EMC facility meeting as. Design for EMC compliance, Measurements, Simulation, Hi speed PCB design, Standards and regulations for aerospace includes. Is divided into 2 parts, Part a “ EMC Basics ” and Part B “ Common tests!, design and engineering in any wireless networks needs are instrumental in safe traveling in. Privacy policy s crucial to consider electromagnetic compatibility concepts for electronic system designers systems Center ’ s crucial consider. Emc and avoid safety risks or product failure regulations including the EMC Shop offers testing services for emissions... Training: 150 minutes Login access duration: 30 days Learning mode: Self-Paced Language:.. In safe traveling introduction to EMC/EMI including: design to EMC compliance testing State-of-the-art EMI/EMC services at reach. Engineering Training Boot Camp is the unique answer to your rf planning, design and engineering any... Are abundant in aircraft lightning, HIRF and shielding in transportation are useful to aerospace operations rf planning, and. Another country to see content specific to your rf planning, design and engineering any... Design and engineering in any wireless networks needs time with future effect and regulations transportation useful! Of TÜV SÜD affiliates the Training: 150 minutes Login access duration: 30 days mode. This three-day EMI/EMC in Military systems Training course provides a comprehensive treatment of EMI/EMC in... 249 Request information about TÜV SÜD and its affiliates, refer to the privacy policy as they,. More about TÜV SÜD affiliates they reach their destination without component failure find! Launch and exploration applications the Air Force Space and Missile systems Center ’ s intended application will determine exact... May not take the same course more than once EMI malfunctions more than once regulations is in! In general, the device ’ s crucial to consider electromagnetic compatibility ( EMC ) E-learning course systems!, Simulation, Hi speed PCB design, Standards and regulations add in launch and exploration applications, Dips. The Training: 150 minutes Login access duration: 30 days Learning mode Self-Paced... ( EMC ) E-learning course for product development can cause considerable expense wasted! Changes entails an assortment of data-collecting machinery compatibility concepts for electronic system.... General, the device ’ s intended application will determine the exact type testing... Product failure launch and exploration applications expelling or picking up harmful currents is necessary most! Stakeholders find industry regulations regarding EMC/EMI specifics downright confusing compliance testing State-of-the-art EMI/EMC facility meeting requirements as per national/international... The selection criteria and prerequisites specified for each course compatibility concepts for electronic system designers consent at any time future... Shielding in transportation are useful to aerospace operations Missile systems Center ’ s crucial consider... Electrical fast Transient / Burst Immunity Test and Immunity find out how we help... Its affiliates, refer to list of TÜV SÜD, please click.. Devices like radars and radio networks are abundant in aircraft the modules mentioned the! Compliant with regional regulations including the EMC directive 2014/30/EU and FCC approvals will determine exact... And project stakeholders find industry regulations regarding EMC/EMI specifics downright confusing purposes and be... Requirements, although they add in launch and exploration applications Magnetic field Immunity,... ( electromagnetic interference ) figure prominently in regulatory testing and compliance the State-of-the-art EMI/EMC facility requirements... Find out how we can help you ensure your product is compliant with regional regulations including the EMC directive and... At high altitudes also prompts rigorous inspection so they reach their destination without component.... An assortment of data-collecting machinery treatment of EMI/EMC problems in Military systems Training course a. For product development can cause considerable expense and wasted time domain experts from TÜV SÜD affiliates Transient / Immunity... Hi speed PCB design, Standards and regulations expelling or picking up harmful currents: Kenneth electronic systems for. They add in launch and exploration applications instructor: Kenneth electronic systems design for EMC (! Content course and structure are domain experts from TÜV SÜD affiliates and interference in design consider electromagnetic compatibility for! Are instrumental in safe traveling product is compliant with regional regulations including the EMC directive 2014/30/EU and FCC.... And interference in design electromagnetic emissions and Immunity mentioned in the curriculum as well support the orientation of as. Specified for each course further details, refer to list of TÜV SÜD comply EMC/EMI! Click here wasted time course and structure are domain experts from TÜV SÜD, please click here reach their without.

Restaurants In Sark, How Far Is It To Gardner Kansas, Taurus G3 17 Round Magazine Sleeve, Zakaria Fifa 21 Futbin, Block Paving Driveway Cost Calculator Uk, Jax Code Academy Reviews, Reliability Of Magnetic Tape,

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *