In a classic statement of the importance of scientific norms, Robert Merton specified four norms as essential for the effective functioning of science: communism (by which Merton meant the communal sharing of ideas and findings), universalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism (Merton, 1973). 311-312). Most research institutions do not have explicit programs of instruction and discussion to foster responsible research practices, but the communication of values and traditions is critical to fostering responsible research practices and detering misconduct in science. Such records could help resolve questions about the timing or accuracy of specific research findings, especially when a principal investigator is not available or is uncooperative in responding to such questions. Ideally, research practices reflect the values of the wider research community and also embody the practical skills needed to conduct scientific research. • Digestion – this is the breakdown of food substances, so that the organism can produce the energy necessary for its life. Such facilities include Cambridge Crystallographic Data Base, GenBank at Los Alamos National Laboratory, the American Type Culture Collection, and the Protein Data Bank at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Although the size of a research group can influence the quality of mentorship, the more important issues are the level of supervision received by trainees, the degree of independence that is appropriate for the trainees' experience and interests, and the allocation of credit for achievements that are accomplished by groups composed of individuals with different status. Some scientists may share materials as part of a collaborative agreement in exchange for co-authorship on resulting publications. Journal publication, traditionally an important means of sharing information and perspectives among scientists, is also a principal means of establishing a record of achievement in science. 22. Based on the foundations of previous work, four basic principles of environmental science are put forward in this paper: systematic principle of environment, principle of environmental capacity, symbiosis principle of human between environment, and entropy principle. A theory is a hypothesis that has gained wide acceptance because it has survived rigorous investigation of its predictions. The 1985 report Sharing Research Data concluded that the general principle of data sharing is widely accepted, especially in the behavioral and social sciences (NRC, 1985). Much greater complexity is encountered when an investigator in one research group is unable to confirm the published findings of another. . See, for example, Wilson (1952) and Beveridge (1957). In opposition to Merton, a British sociologist of science, Michael Mulkay, has argued that these norms are “ideological” covers for self-interested behavior that reflects status and politics (Mulkay, 1975). One author of a historical study of research groups in the chemical and biochemical sciences has observed that the laboratory director or group leader is the primary determinant of a group's practices (Fruton, 1990). It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the … These controls, such as social ostracism, the denial of letters of support for future employment, and the withholding of research resources, can deter and penalize unprofessional behavior within research institutions.7. Adherence to scientific principles is important for concrete reasons: they enable the reliable inference of knowledge from uncertain informationâ exactly the challenge faced by forensic scientists. These principles are at work in the fundamental elements of the scientific method, such as formulating a hypothesis, designing an experiment to test the hypothesis, and collecting and interpreting data. Scientists operate within a system designed for continuous testing, where corrections and new findings are announced in refereed scientific publications. US Customary System. (1990). Basic Principles of Nutrition Science The saying ‘You are what you eat’ is becoming a point of truth in modern society. 26. Individual and group behaviors may also be more influential in times of uncertainty and change in science, especially when new scientific theories, paradigms, or institutional relationships are being established. Advances in information technologies could thus provide an important benefit to research institutions that wish to emphasize greater access to and storage of primary research data. For example, some journalists have criticized several prominent scientists, such as Mendel, Newton, and Millikan, because they “cut corners in order to make their theories prevail” (Broad and Wade, 1982, p. 35). Search Categories . If new findings or significant questions emerge in the course of a reevaluation that affect the claims of a published report, the investigator is obliged to make public a correction of the erroneous result or to indicate the nature of the questions. The conclusions are not affected by the factors of time and space. The conference was preceded by a 2-day workshop, titled “The Basic Concepts of Scientific Research and Scientific Communication”. Scientific principles are general rules that are followed while doing science or rules that nature tends to follow. For most academic laboratories, local customary practice governs the storage (or discarding) of research data. 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