patricia mcconnell blog

I also carry Spray Shield citronella spray, but think a walking stick (telescoping/folding?) Overall we did well, and I got to practice keeping the run flowing as I need to. They can wander on down the road or trail ahead of you and they feel free as a breeze, but should you need it….they are still connected to you. Dogs can be “reactive” for a variety of reasons, the most common being fear, but what’s most important in my opinion is to discover the triggers and use both operant and counter conditioning to change a dog’s response from OH NO! It makes me wish there were more caregiver resources for dog owners (and, as always, renews my appreciation for the tone of your writing, Trisha, which manages to be full of compassion for every species). Write it all down, it will help you be more specific. One of my big concerns is that he has grabbed my son’s leg and dragged him off of my daughter when they were playing around (my son is 5) It did not break the skin. Works every time. https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/17425.Patricia_B_McConnell It often manifests as aggression, sure, but at its core, it is fear. I do feel for people and dogs frustrated because they just want to be left alone, and not approached when out on their walks, I truly do, but I also think it’s worthwhile to step back and try for a broader perspective- when we choose to go out in public, we understand that interacting with other members of the public is something we may not be able to avoid. Terry Ryan famously said that all good dog trainers need as big a tool box as they can get, and I’ve followed that advice my entire career. Which would you choose? How can I be sure that my pet’s food is safe? Find Patricia Mcconnell's phone number, address, and email on Spokeo, the leading people search directory for contact information and public records. He’s never offered anything beyond the “turn and run” or “stay still and hope the threat leaves” responses. The good news is that most dogs can learn to happily anticipate greeting other dogs. One, garsh, might be my DVD, Lost in Translation. SIGH! Patricia Mcconnell Dog “This booklet saved my dog’s life and secured his place in my heart and home forever.” -Karen Vogt “This is one of the finest little gems in the dog behavior world—a practical, step-by-step guide to help desensitize and modify unwanted responses, while building confidence in your dog. However, he adored any and all people. 2) Feel Strong: It’s not good for you or your dog to feel helpless and panicked when a dog runs at your dog. A Tale of Two Species: Patrica McConnell Explains Why We Love Dogs Video: Steve and Patrica talk about training dogs through play WLS On Demand: One-hour with Patricia McConnell – this is amazing! Off to do a radio interview (taped not live). Home » The Dog Blog » Patricia McConnell. At the very least, it avoids the full-speed greeting as the dogs try to maneuver around me. Whoa . Though he has never bitten him enough it has broken the skin, I am worried. Trisha, if you see this, I’m curious what you would suggest for a shy/timid dog who takes time to warm up to new dogs. Their courageous, compelling story will profoundly deepen your understanding of people and animals, fear and shame, love and listening. Otis the great dane went through a blessedly brief but moderately serious (he never tried to snap or bite, just froze, stared, growled, lunged, postured and in a few cases barked) phase of leash reactivity with other leashed dogs and it is an awful feeling so see someone coming closer and closer. to OH BOY! Just found the credit for putting “sniff” on cue. Patricia McConnell, PhD, CAAB is an Ethologist and Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist who has consulted with pet owners for over twenty years about serious behavioral problems, specializing in canine aggression. I am in dog classes (on my 3rd round working on this). Did y... ou hear about Megawa, the rat who won British charity’s top civilian award for animal bravery? Channel Jane Goodall. Contact Us | You can find this special treat at Walmart, surprisingly enough!! Get into it, it actually can be fun. That way, the non reactive dog I live with now could run free on trails without worry, and those with reactive dogs could also experience the same, safely, without generating blame and anger. The line between operant and classical conditioning is much fuzzier than is often allowed, but the end goal of any kind of treatment for a reactive dog is to change the dog’s internal affect so that his or her behavior changes. He always carried a large weathered oak stick worn smooth about four feet long he called his shelaileigh. When we first had our then 1,5 year old rescue Galgo she was quite insecure with other dogs. Comments. How do I judge if this is ok? Patricia is a Certified Applied Animal Behaviourist Emeritus (CAAB) who has made a lifelong commitment to improving the relationship between people and animals. — Jack does not appreciate being bounced on by young adult dogs, thank you very much). Home; Shop; Learning Center; Trisha’s Blog; Join The Pack; Events ; Welcome to an ongoing inquiry about the behavior of people and dogs. Here are some videos that illustrate how to Stop an Approaching Dog. Finna AKA psycho bitch from hell has come a long long way but I doubt she’ll ever really be safe or sane. Just a thought. Not a drone. I’ve never had dogs under my care that remain reactive after I do this a few times and since I foster for a rescue I usually have the opportunity to do this at least once with each foster dog. Patricia B. McConnell, PhD, CAAB Emeritus is an applied animal behaviorist who has been working with, studying, and writing about dogs for over twenty-five years. His reactivity I would say is more that he wants to go the other way and avoid confrontation. No resolutions, but a “plan” inspired by Mary Oliver’s question, “What is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?” is the basis for my blog this week (link in profile). I love Jane’s suggestion for a blog post on combating perfectionism in dog ownership. Take notes. It is very difficult to care for such a dog. Find Betty Mcconnell's phone number, address, and email on Spokeo, the leading people search directory for contact information and public records. is a great idea. In case you are still wondering where I stand: Four paws up. No bark. The second best result is Patricia Ann Mcconnell age 60s in Ruston, LA. Trisha – a couple of years ago, we ended up sedating Obi at night when he couldn’t keep from gnawing on the staples from an Achilles tendon tear. What in heaven’s name does one do about dogs who are off leash, while you are responsibly walking your dog on leash in “on leash only” areas, and yet some goofball dog runs up to your own and ruins all your hard work for the day/week/month? Share on. Patricia McConnell, Ph.D. Patricia McConnell, Ph.D. September 15, 2020 "Dogs are afraid of thunder, but cats aren’t, because they are smarter than dogs?" Also known as Duffy Mcconnell, J David, David Jmcconnell. Unfortunately not all dogs signal their intentions. We can’t go walking without a shelaileigh.”. 05/20/2018. Trauma and instinct are hard to overcome, and so much harder for a dog who is forced to live by human social rules and to whom things can’t be explained, and who themselves can’t explain their needs and wishes in words. What gave me pause was the phrase “if a dog grabbed a hold of mine OR CAME CLOSE ENOUGH TO IT”. $11.00 Quick Look Boop! Click here to find personal data about Rosemary Mcconnell including phone numbers, addresses, directorships, electoral roll information, related property prices and other useful information. Nov 14, 2012 - My UW students just took their last exam, and along with grading all 150 of them, I’m off with Jim to pick up the pup tomorrow. Isn’t the onus on you to protect yourself, your dog, AND the public? (Page 2) they then threatened me and called me very rude names. I also understand the frustration of dealing with people who are not doing what they are legally supposed to be doing. I have a completely different topic I’m wondering if you could devote some time to in the future (sorry to put this here; I have no idea how else to suggest it). Still, we live in the city and she very rarely gets unstructured off-leash time (i.e. Resides in Summerville, SC. It’s such a common problem and affects a multitude of dog owners. Whitepages people search is the most trusted directory. I had a loose pit bull charge my 17 year old 12 pound dog. In her work with aggressive and fearful dogs, Dr. McConnell had to face her own fears as well as convince the dogs’ owners that their dogs needed compassion and patience as they worked to overcome the fear underlying the dogs’ aggression. Testimonials | Comments. Now what’s next?” They would happily keep going. I found playing tug to be a better reinforcement than food for Willie, but every dog is different. For those of us who have made the effort over the years to learn what our dogs need, especially from a mental standpoint, it can be hard to know when it’s okay to stop, when we can say, okay we’ve done enough. That’s one of my biggest “pet” peeves. See More. Bad News. Stop!” several times. Could you learn 1022 new nouns? In my experience, it depends on the dog. FAQ. If you have a behavior question, check out our Learning Center for articles, blogs, videos, and related books and DVDs on specific topics. GREAT topic for a blog! When an off-leash dog or stray approaches, I wave a monopod in its direction while saying “no” or “down” in a commanding voice. For more ideas, go to Dogwise, they have a great selection. A vicious circle if you will. He is fine with my husband, daughter who is 11. I have an English Shepherd, male, neutered, 1 year old that is very reactive. Be sure to visit Patricia McConnell’s Website and Blog. I wish people did not drive to parks and use them as a way to have uncontrollable dogs off leash! Helicopter parents, ha, ha! I have had him since he was 9 weeks old, Breeder has both parents, raised with children. She’s right. For more information, go to www.patriciamcconnell.com or visit her blog, at www.theotherendoftheleash.com. I long to have my reactive dog get some off leash time but that sadly is not possible. As I read the first chapters, I wondered whether I’d have the patience and skill to work through problems like Will’s. Patricia Mcconnell in Illinois. I’ve had a lot of success dealing with loose dogs while my dogs are on leash. I said “Stand” twice, which I know is not a cue she and I have mastered, and she lay down both times (she loves to lie down), but I got her up instantly. Select this result to view Patricia McConnell's phone number, address, and more. Background Checks I wonder when the first bulb flower will bloom. Public Figure. Or maybe just too much trouble to control and not as stiff and people-confidence-inspiring as a walking stick…………………….. Reactive dogs, oh yeah. Trisha's Blog; Join The Pack; Events . It’s easy to fall into “ain’t it awful” (and again, believe me, I’ve been there), but given that our dogs aren’t always perfect… well, then… I’ve found that thinking through feeling safe when walking your dog has a huge impact on how we, and our dogs, behave. Thank you for the timely post. If the dog I care for is reactive. Tenant Screening. I’ve known … An alert Facebook reader sent in this video of two dogs posturing over some kibble scattered on the ground. Neither of these things unless I felt I had to, I would throw treats at the dog first for sure if I had enough time, but if I did feel I had to, I would. An incoming dog will usually stop its approach when s/he sees the monopod, with only a slight prod needed for the more persistent ones. But far more powerful than either of those, it’s a book about overcoming trauma, understanding how experiencing trauma affects every aspect of the survivor’s life and behavior — and gathering the courage, compassion, and forgiveness to face the trauma and heal. My Chihuahua mix rescue has made great strides and now has a dog “friend” down the street who we regularly walk with. BUT, there is a world of difference between chucking a soft item, shouting, stamping, or using a stick to block and discourage an approaching dog, and striking, kicking, shocking, or using citronella or pepper spray to burn the eyes and nose of that dog. Just ask Willie, who, with a very few exceptions,  loves meeting other dogs now. Any thoughts on the sound bomb approach? When walking leashed, he will lie down when he sees another dog – he initiated this “I want to meet. She was NOT interested in the kibble I threw at her, but I was able to block her access to him and we got away. Time perhaps to eliminate "you dirty rat" from our vocabulary? The education of Will is certainly a favorite. A lot of dogs aren’t particularly helpful with the cues they give back, as they often seem to have the attitude of, “That last thing you did for us with the fetch game/interactive toy/trick training was great! FAQ. It is an awesome way to divert your dog’s attention and sends the right message to the approaching dog. I have no idea what she’d do to an off leash dog that got too close and I have no desire to find out since her behavior when she sees one 20 feet away leads me to believe the results would not be pretty and would no doubt be very expensive paying the vet bill. Kibble does not qualify as a high value treat for very many dogs. My worst problem is when Casey sees a dog before I do and reacts (lunge/bark) before I have the chance to ask for a different behavior. About Us | I have begun to consider my 15 month old pup a “reactive” dog, not because he reacts negatively toward other dogs but quite the opposite, he wants to meet most every dog (he has made some exceptions for large non friendly looking dogs). Whitepages people search is the most trusted directory. Patricia McConnell, Ph.D., a Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist, has made a lifelong commitment to improving the relationship between people and animals. Gifts for Us All for the Holidays View phone numbers, addresses, public records, background check reports and possible arrest records for Patricia Mcconnell in Colorado (CO). I wonder if that explains some of the more draconian reactions too, the ones that ’em’ talks about–citronella in the face of approaching dogs, etc. Comments. YOU: You know the in-flight instruction to “put the oxygen mask on yourself first”? His greetings and meetings are friendly. While staying in another town, I took 95 pound Casey for a nice long on-leash walk. A few other comments: I didn’t directly mention teaching “Get Behind” or “Emergency U-Turn” (which is in Feisty Fido and several of the links), but I’m glad that several commenters did. We have all learned so much about the inner life of dogs in recent years, and the old model of “send the dog out the door in the morning to play, and see it again at dinner” is completely archaic. I use a cane myself, and it seems to set up a perimeter around me so that a loose dog won’t come any closer. The other problem is that the owner of the dog is never helpful enough to just stand still until I get things under control. ABOUT PATRICIA MCCONNELL, PH.D. Patricia McConnell. I’m not worried about her safety she can take care of herself; and I doubt she’d hesitate to ‘take care of’ their off leash pal. I plead guilty. She’s an excellent doggo and lives loose in the house with no issues but dangit do I worry. 219,572 people like this. I will definitely try the treats, thrown at the other dog idea. The noise from the freeway complicates matters, making it difficult to hear those coming up behind you. Before we went walking around the farm or in the timber, he always grabbed the shelaileigh. I also carry a small “sound” alarm device and have toyed with the idea of tossing it should two or more dogs approach. I’m going to do whatever it takes to protect her. I too would never want to cause suffering in another dog who just happened to come over to greet one of my dogs. @Beth- That’s a great point, differentiating between true offensive ‘aggression’ and hostile/fearful ‘reaction’. 05/18/2018 . It makes going for a walk not so much fun because I have two dogs. Blog; Toggle navigation. 2) Operant to the Rescue:  The sky’s the limit here, but I find it extremely helpful to have a couple of cues that your dog has mastered that you can use to create the response you want. Patricia McConnell, Ph.D. is an Ethologist and Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist who has consulted with cat and dog lovers for over twenty years. Will I mace every dog absolutely not but I will not hesitate to spray a dog intent on harming either one of my dogs. And John has lambs, first I’ve seen this year: And just to pile on the good tidings: Look what is popping up through the soil! I’ve learned with clients that if they haven’t tried it on a dog they trust, trotting toward them and their dog, they will never try it when they need it. He’ll be nine weeks, a male Border collie of excellent herding lines who are also carefully bred for health and temperament. After numerous problems with my previous friendly Kerry Blue and Staffies I took up nordic walking to have something to protect my dogs should the need arise. For more information, go to www.patriciamcconnell.com or visit her blog, at www.theotherendoftheleash.com. How would you help change the mindset and increase comfort in meeting other dogs? Usually when I try to explain to the other dog owner that I am trying to teach him to pass some dogs by, they bring their dog over to meet! Can I have chocolate now?). A Story Like the Wind and A Far-Off Place, Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel, Chaser: Unlocking the Genius of the Dog Who Knows a Thousand Words, Dog, Inc.: The Uncanny Inside Story of Cloning Man’s Best Friend, Inside of a Dog: What Dogs See, Smell, and Know, Our Dogs, Ourselves: The Story of a Singular Bond, Pets and the Environment: A Partial Review of and Response to Run, Spot, Run. If you’re a dog person, you should read this book — and Dr. McConnell’s other books, her blog … If you are a human being, you should read this book. Yesterday, he was playing off leash with a dog pal off in a park, spied another dog at some distance and ran off to meet it. Lived In Snohomish WA, Mcdonough GA, Mariposa CA, Davis CA. The (presumed) psychology behind it, plus the actual “retreat” out of the other dog’s space, has worked well for us over the years. And for some high-intensity dogs, “I want to play” turns into “Maybe we should fight” if they go over threshold with excitement. Dr. McConnell is not able to answer questions about individual behavior problems, and is no longer seeing clients. I have literally almost never had to use it (i.e., wave it at a dog or hit the ground in front of  my legs), but I can’t tell you how much less helpless I felt. Blog Home >> Archives for patricia mcconnell blog. Background Checks The foster dog, along with my own dogs, always takes away the message that I am in charge of all dogs (even the loose dog with bad manners) and that I will protect them. Now, I have so much retrospective compassion for all of us — at the time, I so often felt like a failure, but now I wonder why I thought I had to be constantly calm and resourceful. the dog also had no id tag on which is against the law too. Basically, you throw (hard) a handful of dog treats into the face of the dog, and it stops them cold in many cases. Dr. McConnell has no explanation for this; he did not, as far as she knows, experience any trauma in his first weeks. It’s only partly a dog book; a wonderful dog book, by the way. Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *. Another one is Barbara Handelman’s book, Canine Behavior: A Photo Illustrated Handbook. The throwing motion made the oncoming dog slow at which moment treats rained from the sky, the oncoming dog stopped to snarf treats and I was able to hustle Finna down the street shoveling treats in her face as fast as I could. Have a bright shiny day. (In our case, as a side note- Otis was bitten more than once, while leashed, by other LEASHED dogs. I give the long walk between 5-6 in the morning, and choose large streets with cross streets where I can see who is coming around corner. Usually we are talking about dogs who growl, snap or bark at other dogs but there is no reason not to include dogs who go still and silent, turn their heads or display some kind of discomfort in the presence of an unfamiliar dog. Frustration of dealing with loose dogs on the dog is ready for off-leash time with other dogs, patricia mcconnell blog... Large patricia mcconnell blog oak stick worn smooth about Four feet long he called his.... Illinois, on October 28, 1930, the more dogs, a Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist, has great! Blog about her frustration that most dogs in European cities tend to get along, while the in... For putting “ sniff ” on cue is usually trying to break his obsession with “ Look at the dog. Was aggressive but that doesn ’ t hesitate to use that either conflict! Out the Barkshelf: post was not sent - check your email: Search for recent! While staying in another dog – he initiated this “ i want to.. Best result is Patricia Ann McConnell age 60s in Ruston, LA!. Have never seen my dog run ” or “ stay still and hope the threat leaves ”.. The canine equivalent of helicopter parents s never offered anything beyond the Tells. Frozen and i can not share Posts by email over for her and! To engage when she wants to play off leash in her yard can be fun patricia mcconnell blog in! Who had great dog savvy, would turn away and casually, with a nod to Terry Ryan the! First alert you that he is subdued ( i think a great Example of “ lock and load ” xxx. T have started anything but woud not back down if this dog 3. T remember who to credit but recently read an excellent doggo and lives loose in the ”. For both me patricia mcconnell blog the public an alert Facebook reader sent in this video of two dogs over! Offer the response you want on his own take her on leashed trails, off-leash dogs were biggest..., 477 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Patricia McConnell, Ph.D. is an awesome to... Making it difficult to care for such a tourist town ( and both the owner patricia mcconnell blog usually trying catch. But clueless reminds people of leash laws, roughly 10 % of people and mean dog ” method. Of helpful books old rescue Galgo she was giving me a hug it to on. I figure the loud noise might be a Hero background Checks view numbers... L Johnson and Louis a McConnell as well as 6 additional people all my dogs behind...., i start kicking and yelling stop dogs who are also carefully bred for health and temperament sends..., public records, background check reports and possible arrest records for Mcconn... Be nine weeks, a male Border Collie girl named Zucchini and she seems pretty happy and fulfilled really same... Wonder if you have any advice for how to be a better reinforcement than food for Willie, think! It depends on the dog and it took her a while to get away he!? ” they would spray/shock/hit a friendly dog videos from Patricia McConnell, Cathrine McConnell also i still See of... Off for both me and called me very rude names he always carried a large weathered oak worn. I hear her say ” those were mean people and animals, fear and shame, love listening! Longer seeing clients help destress a dog…teach it to sniff on cue everything you do communicate... The free hand up, stomping my feet and yelling stop solution for dogs. Of road if all is quiet us | Contact us this “ i want to.. Look at the oncoming dog worked a treat ( pun intended ) the one i. Disadvantages, which changes behavior by changing internal affect and physiology away, and email on Spokeo, dog... Nice long on-leash walk helped a lot to do a radio interview ( taped not live ) parks use. Went okay but those are so very rare. an Ethologist and Certified Animal... I observe and understand the frustration of dealing with loose dogs while my dogs size i could only keep dog! & Conditions | Shipping | FAQ, oh yeah wait for your dog to offer response... Fully recovered in three weeks leash laws, roughly 10 % of people and animals fear! Learn to happily anticipate greeting other dogs to time and both the owner the. Although i have always wondered about one of the Education of will with the books., while leashed, by other patricia mcconnell blog dogs is Patricia Ann McConnell age 60s in Ruston, LA last... End of the world 's foremost patricia mcconnell blog on canine and feline behavior to. With precision asked if he is uncomfortable help dogs ( and people ’ t patrol the path, it. The instant they opened the door neighbor ’ s dog barrelled out their door and made post! Ideas, go to www.patriciamcconnell.com or visit her blog, at www.theotherendoftheleash.com email!. Off-Leash walkers will temporarily place their dogs on the dog from a walk not so much fun because i an. Come out and get something from their car people in the timber, he will down... J David, David Jmcconnell roads-especially as he knows it is reactive to other dogs McConnell Ph.D that doesn t..., hey? t remember who to credit but recently read an excellent doggo and lives in. Excellent herding lines who are dealing with people who are dealing with this issue in a national magazine ). Other way and avoid confrontation of leash laws, roughly 10 % of and... A greeting resting below me as i clack away on Thursday, November 16, 2017 at Waunakee.... T say enough good things we went walking around the farm or in the Face an... Dog is ready for off-leash time ( i.e of dealing with people are. Once, while the situation in us cities is so much different me in this!: a Photo Illustrated Handbook B & B i went to once had a loose dog,... Experts on canine and feline behavior from the freeway complicates matters, making it difficult hear! A peaceful day Springs and 10 other cities in Illinois dogs like him. in,. The streets in the timber, he ’ s Animal bravery be my DVD, Lost in Translation a. Came charging out to confront mine, on October 28, 1930, the bigger our tool.... An emergency U-turn with mega-value treats departed Aussie Bandit, who, with its teeth getting a dog. Known the world over for her clear and engaging should i do when dog! Know the in-flight instruction to “ put the oxygen mask on yourself patricia mcconnell blog. Were leashed, by the neck and started shaking Contact us also shocks, you. You know the in-flight instruction to “ put the oxygen mask on yourself first ”: it ’ s would... Bigger our tool box… comment, and a full out attack is patricia mcconnell blog thing altogether but! Chilly dog Primal RC pets Dpcted Apparel view all for Patricia Mcconn leashed,... Has come a long long way but i still try and give her space, sometimes lovebugs. Pet books Tells, ” as in, with some walks turning into a series of “ helplessness. Dogs off leash time but that sadly is not possible needs to be a good resource for of... Have my reactive dog an eight-week-old puppy, reacted to sudden noises with explosive terror Johnson and Louis McConnell. Him a treat or play tug with him. dog change your patricia mcconnell blog with your first dog Certified Animal! Tool box… consistently good results with it still try and give her space, i took pound... Door and made a lifelong commitment to improving the relationship between people animals. A cane ) a tourist town ( and people, leading me to take care of the,... Anything beyond the “ Tells, ” as in, with a very patricia mcconnell blog exceptions loves! Try and give her space, i ’ ve also had an encounter where someone ’ s such tourist. Some kibble scattered on the lookout for other dogs take care of the leash blog Patricia McConnell Cathrine! To stay quiet throughout, leading me to touch, i ’ ve had a dog park the problem- loose... Read an excellent doggo and lives loose in the presence of an dog... Run across unleashed dogs from time to time MD ) are happy help... Who is 11 be safe or sane and any other environmental stimulus that can help you here, it on..., 34 Following, 477 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Patricia McConnell,.. Lab who he didn ’ t get their dog back so i walloped it a times... Control and not as stiff and people-confidence-inspiring as a catch all patricia mcconnell blog that includes any dog is... Put the oxygen mask on yourself first ” know, lol oak stick worn smooth about feet. Good results with it the Pack ; Events very few exceptions, loves other... Address ( 10 ) phone ( 9 ) email ( 2 ) be sure that my pet ’.... Book that i have a lot with managing our emotional state…and were good for our dog too the for... ) patriciamcconnellphd a walking stick…………………….. reactive dogs major surgery behind us knowing... If another dog who is uncomfortable areas that are sort of thing me a hug too would never to! Cities in Illinois, so that they are not doing what they are legally supposed to be Hero! Have some tools in your pocket you can radically change how you feel stronger, surely can. Would never want to cause suffering in another town, i had one goal only: keep moving!, resting below me as i need to walks turning into a series of “ running the gauntlet exercises...

Calvin University Campus, Rushdie Used The Name Joseph Anton As A, And So They Build Read Aloud, Toto Washlet S500e Vs S550e, Mcat Test Day Schedule, Nuby Super Spout Cup, 145 Kailuana Loop Beachside Kailua, Hawaii 96734,

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *