25 It Is to be noted that the Present process is applicable to the treatment of water for drinking purposes, but at Present it is designed more for use in the treatment of water for industrial puroses and Prticuarly for use as boiler feedwater. The soluble silica is generally removed by the method of precipitation with other salts. The higher the temperature of operation, the more efficient was the removal of silica and the necessary retention time was 15 minutes at 95°C. ft. as SiO0 p.P.M. 6). Mere softening of the water by means of the lime-soda process at 950 C. effected the usual characteristic re- 70 duction in silica to 19 P. P. M., and the hardness to 38 P. P. M. during a retention time of 15 minutes. Magnesium oxide... Convening silica into fluosilic acid. In situ precipitation works much better than Thus for example the quantity of magnesium that Is reqired to ac-m complish the removal of a given amount of silica is considerably above that which is stoichiometri. Quaternary ammonium theophylline-based ionic liquids and imidazolium-based ionic liquids, magnesium oxide and silica nanoparticles were used in order to investigate the interaction with Gram negative Escherichia coli and Gram positive Bacillus cereus.The changes of bacterial sensitivity to both nanoparticles (NPs) and ionic liquids (ILs) were examined. Magnesium oxide can not be mixed into water with an alkali such as calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide, or sodium carbonate, without the immediate precipitation of magnesium hydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide which is formed externally to the water to be treated is, as herein noted, in- 2 efficient for thfe removal of silica. "" - 1. Three magnesium and two iron compounds were found which reduced silica to acceptable concentration levels. .P.M. After the washing is completed, sn dbescriptio n an d conidein an the fasr Sisnot necessary to dry this precipitate, but in- going description, and considering all of the fac-ally sted m to emain In the slurry s nvolved, is that silica is most et onomscall stead it removed from solution for ind. Thus, while an efficient silica removal was effected, especially In test 4, when it was reduced from the initial 56 P. p. M. to a mere 1.0 P. P. M., the pronounced increase in solids content, i. e., sulphates and alkalinity, makes the process represented by tests 4 and 5 of relatively minor commercial value, especially in the treat- 40: ment of boiler feedwater, where such a marked increase in total solids and sulphates could not be tolerated. USE OF MYAGNEsIUM CARBONATE Magneatus carbonate can l So employed for the removal of silica from water, In which case From the chemical standpoint, It is Interesting to note that the precipitation of silica from solu- 7 the reaction proceeds quite similarly to that when Using magnesium oxide. light magnesium JOHNe-J.oALaES . First published on 12th September 2019. Silica removals over 95% were obtained at the 4 pHs and 3 temperatures with MgO dosages over 500 mg/L; however, MgO can only be applied if water temperature is ⦠The method of removing dissolved silica soda ash from natural water. Previous studies have demonstrated that aluminium salts, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide are capable of removing silica (Tutus and Eroglu 2003; Ma et al. Quaternary ammonium theophylline-based ionic liquids and imidazolium-based ionic liquids, magnesium oxide and silica nanoparticles were used in order to investigate the interaction with Gram negative Escherichia coli and Gram positive Bacillus cereus.The changes of bacterial sensitivity to both nanoparticles (NPs) and ionic liquids (ILs) were examined. To illustrate more specifically, with no sodium hydroxide, but 0.2 gram magnesium oxide added, the silica is reduced from 22 P. P. M. to 16 P. P. M., while upon using substantially the same proportion of magnesium oxide, i. e., 0.3 gram, but adding 20 P. P. M., sodium hydroxide, there is a sharp diminution in the silica to a mere 1.5 P. P. M., and this is only slightly further reduced to 1.0 P. P. M. by doubling the quantity of sodium hydroxide. Since silica becomes part of the magnesium precipitant, some means of adding already precipitated magnesium (magnesium oxide) or of precipitating magnesium in situ is used. Conditions as in 3 60 test 1. Good sludge contact enhances silica reduction. Adsorption technology is an easy and flexible method for arsenic removal with high efficiency. oxide.) .P.M. Only 40% silica removal was obtained, which is not high enough to work at regular RO recoveries without scaling problems. by fluxing. M. to 110 P. P. M. In test 2. the removal of silica was from the initial 56 p. . For all of the six y 70 tests run and indicated in this table, the same ly raw natural water was used and the characterisat tics of the same are first shown as characterizing io a hardness as calcium carbonate of 74 P. P. M., of oe sulphate as 4 P. P. M. and silica as 56 P. P. M. . d Table VI has been prepared in order to graphe1 65 ically illustrate advantages possessed by the pres1 ent magnesium oxide process, as compared with e other processes, which to the uninitiated might S appear to be closely allied therewith, if not acS tually the equivalent thereof. Also, the net cost of the process when using magnesium carbonate is slightly higher than that when using magnesium oxide. EFFECT OF VARYING PROPORTIONS OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE From the accompanying Table III, the results will be apparent when using various proportions of sodium hydroxide with a substantially fixed proportion of magnesium oxide, while this table also indicates the definite need for controlling the alkalinity of the water. It can be regenerated with sodium hydroxide. ft. for U. S. P. light magnesium oxid to 51.5 lbs. s ste form, as for instance from mgn ri The net results o the research work, repreAor oagneslum sulphate. inch and over, produce a water insoluble scale (usualy including also calcium or magnesium) which is so dense, even vitreous-like t that t Is difficult to remove when once deposited' 40 c Heretofore it has been customary to soften the b: natural hard water before it is injected into a n boiler, thereby removing Whatever calcium and magneslum may be present, but without substan- R tially reducing the silica content of the water, 45 whereupon this silica either alone or in combination with any residual calcium or magnesium present, inevitably forms the flint-like scale th hereinbefore referred to. Temp.-9S0 C. S Test 2-sing mmeri magnesia (source A). P.P.M. " Magnesium oxide, using a two-stage countercurrent process, will ⦠nd cient (nt mentioning test 1 of Table VI, due to separating the preIr. HoweVer, although as 5 3. P. p IM., while Presence of substantial quantities of sodium hydroxide reduced the hardness below that of the P alkalinity as CaCO3 --------- _ 0 M alkalinity as CaCO3 --------------- 28 Silica as SiO2 ----------------------- 22 Conditions: 3 liter samples of raw water Temperature-95" C. 20 minutes stirring and retention time Sodium Magne- Analysis of treated water hydroxide slum added oxide Pa-sac M25 . Plotting the data of Table I and using the logarithm of the silica remaining in solution, as related to the logarithm of the silica removed per unit of magnesium oxide employed, a straight line Is obtained which points to the inescapable conclusion that a portion at least of this process is an adsorption reaction, since the straight line referred to comprises the general form of a Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm. However, there is an advantage in using magnesium carbonate in" a slurry form, due to commercial magnesium carbonate frequently being relatively higher in price. Comparative tests show MgO to be superior to silica sand and garnet sand for the filtration of several different particulates. More specifically, the Preferred form of the process comprises the use of magnesium oxide either alone, or in combination with sodium hydroxide, or concurrently instead with the common oda-lime Process, while within certain limits nagnesium carbonate can be substituted for the nagnesium oxide underPractically the same contitions. Helps prevent scale formation in boilers, heat exchangers, and piping. ing tables to show the relationship between the silica remaining. Additives used to control fouling contain magnesium, silica, manganese, and/or ⦠These materials could be tested for extraction and removal of toxic heavy metal ions as Hg 2+ [ 47 ]. The soluble silica cannot be removed by filtration. By adding 0.1 gram magnesium oxide and without the aid of sodium hydroxide, the-silicd was sharply reduced to but 1.0 P. P, M., and the 78 xrently tends to decrease the hardness of the ter and also its alkalinity, with the further deable result of a decrease in the solids content. Test 6--Using ferric sulfate. and 100 P. P. M., and the P Thus, magnesium carbonate can be used in all alkalinity being between 15% and 85% of the M of the applications in which magnesium oxide Is alkalinity and then separating the precipitate of advantage in conjunction with the hot-process from the water. Removal of permanent hardness is carried out cold with sodium carbonate which may or may not be combined with calcium and magnesium bicarbonate precipitation using lime. MgOs were synthesized by polyol-meditation thermolysis, hydrothermal, and aerogel methods. Referring to this table, in which magnesiun oxide is listed according to various types an, sources, the comparison shown is based upon th respective weights of the samples used, and it wi] be noted that these range all the way from 16. lbs. 30 In the last-mentioned use, the removal of silica before the water enters a boiler is for the purpose of Preventing such silica from otherwise being deposited as siltcat6 scale, as such a de-. Hierarchical magnesium oxide (MgO) microspheres with high adsorption capacity of heavy metal ions and potent antibacterial activity were synthesized by an aerosol-assisted method. M. to 3.0 P. P. M., while the hardness of the water dropped from its initial 74 P. P. M. to 60 P. p. M., and the total alkalinity increased only from the initial 70 p. p. M. to 78 1 P. P. M. In test 3, the removal of silica was from an initial 56 P. P. M to 2.5 . They are magnesium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, iron sulfate, and iron chloride. high content of small suspended solids and colloids in DAF units should favour the rate of precipitation of Al(OH)(3) and the orthokinetic flocculation, thus the removal efficiency of contaminants. For ex%mple, the measurement of turbidity, as indicated n Table V, enables one to determine that form of nagnesia best suited for this work from similar as well as from different means of manufacture. The reaction between the alloy and the silica preferably is initiated as a suspension. P. P. . also offers the vantage of effecting a greater and espeae s ofers he va .tha n does agnesm use of magnesium oxide in the form of the reladegree o 5 n m tod simf reemov ddisoaediu dgcarbonate in dr form, as indicated the ac- tively purer and lighter weight forms of commercarona in - f , as cial magnesia; that this process functions best at companying Table Mhigh temperatures as for instance at approxiTABiE VII p. P. M. I mately 95. Conditions as in test 1. Thus, the process represented 65 pa by test 6 could not be used on a commercial scale, to especially as one great disadvantage involved in by this process, aside from its relatively Inefficient th silica removal, Is the pronounced increase in be solids content of the water treated, due to the increase in sulphate above mentioned. By way of further comparison, such natural waters as are intended to be sed for idustrial Purposes rarely contain more than 0.1% total solids (equlvalent to 1,000 20 P. P. M.), whereas in brine there is commonly as much as 40.0% to 50.0% or even more of suspended and dissolved solids and other impurities, and at least as much as 0.3% of silica alone (equivalent to 3,000 p. P. M. or more). Test 3-Using commercial magnesia (source B). Magnesium oxide being prepared by the dehydration of magnesium hydroxide at 350°C showed the greatest silica removal efficiency. If a simultaneous high removal of turbidity and soluble COD is required, the recommended treatment is PANS-PA2. Adsorption and precipitation of silica and heavy metals as an integral part of industrial water treatment systems. In situ precipitation works much better than already precipitated magnesium, probably due to surface area of the precipitant and proximity to a silica molecule. from the initial 70 p. p. M. to 72 p. P. M. Tests 4 and 5 were based upon the use of 800 P. P. M. of magnesium sulphate with 426 P. P. M. and 200 P. P. M. of sodium hydroxide, but with- 2 out any magnesium oxide. Lime softening. The 4 initial sulphate content was increased from 4 P. P. *L to 312 P. P. A., the total alkalinity increased from 70 p. P. M. to 92 P. P. M., and the 50 c silica reduced from the initial 56 P. P. M. only to I 16 P. P. AL, as compared with the much lower s net remaining quantity of silica resulting from t tests 1 to 5 inclusive, and in addition, even the o results noted were attained only by a retention 55 q and stirring time of 60 minutes, as compared with (Ic 15 mInutes for the flrst five of said tests.. Fur- 0 thermore test 6 had to be conducted at the low a. temperature of 250 C., in order to obtain the re- o0 suits noted, as ferric sulphate cannot be effective. Comparative tests show MgO to be superior to silica sand and garnet sand for the filtration of several different particulates. Test 6 was run in order to show the comparison Sof using ferric sulphate (460 P. p. M.) with sodium hydroxide (300 P. P. M.) in lieu of either magnesium oxide or magnesium sulphate. 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